Father Roles Heaney Essay -- essays papers

Father Roles Heaney Father Roles There are numerous elements that will shape a youthful boy’s life, yet potentially none more significant than the job of that boy’s father. Seamus Heaney and Theodore Roethke both have demonstrated the significance of the dad job in their sonnets â€Å"Digging† and â€Å"My Papas Waltz.† Although the jobs of the dads in these sonnets were extraordinary, the regard and appreciation appeared by their children is one in the equivalent. Climate it is Heaney’s father burrowing under his window, or Roehtke’s father moving him around as a young man, the affection appeared in these two sonnets, shows an immediate connection on the lives they imparted to their dads. Heaney’s sonnet, â€Å"Digging† demonstrated that while the kid despite everything cherished his dad, he didn't wish to carry on the convention of potato delving that had been in his family for ages. For instance, Heaney composed that he had â€Å"no spade to follow men like them†(Spence standard 1). This statement expresses that Heaney, albeit cherishing his dad, didn't figure he could carry on the custom. Heaney recollects the manner in which he would bring his granddad a glass of milk, and would drink the whole jug, and afterward would watch his granddad tumble to work indeed. This realizes the way that while as yet caring a lot for his dad and granddad, he despite everything would lean toward the way of an author (Glover 542). At last, Heaney decided not to â€Å"follow men like them†, and picked rather on turning into an author. This is supported up later in the sonnet when Heaney composes â€Å"Between my finger and my thumb/The squat pen rests/Iâ⠂¬â„¢ll burrow with it.† Heaney had consistently watched his dad from the upstairs window while he burrowed, and Heaney would watch and compose, and this fanned the fire for Heaney’s want to turn into an essayist (Pellegrio dad... ...also, Theodore Roehtke both had fathers who were persevering, included men, however both having set aside the effort to show their children the consideration and love that they merited. The effect that the dads played in these writers lives will consistently be recollected in the sonnets â€Å"Digging† and â€Å"My Papas Waltz.† Between the lines of these two sonnets, you can see the significance that Seamus Heaney, and Theodore Roehtke’s fathers played in their children lives, by giving them love, and empathy, regardless of what hello had decided to do. Climate it was just bringing his father a glass of milk, or moving around the kitchen while never needing to give up, the job of father is probably the greatest job a man can ever acknowledge. â€Å"Digging† and My Papas Waltz† are two extraordinary instances of how much contrast a dad makes on the off chance that he shows warmth, love, sympathy, and conceivably generally significant, understanding.

Media Essay -- essays research papers fc

     In the late Seventies, America got stunned and offended by the assault, mutilation, and murder of over twelve youthful, lovely young ladies. The man who submitted these killings, Ted Bundy, was later captured and executed. During his detainment in different prisons, he was intellectually examined and pushed by clinician and psychoanalysts planning to find the foundation of his savage activities and sexual disappointments. Numerous hypotheses emerged in endeavors to clarify the inspirational factors behind his dangerous ventures. In any case, the most grounded and generally attainable of these hypotheses came not from the clinicians, yet from the man himself, "as a young person, my mates and I would all sneak around and watch pornography. As I developed more seasoned, I turned out to be increasingly intrigued and engaged with it, [pornography] turned into a fixation. I got so engaged with it, I needed to fuse [porn] into my li fe, yet I couldn’t act that way and keep up the achievement I had buckled down for. I produced an adjust sense of self to satisfy my dreams under-spread. Sex entertainment was a methods for opening the shrewd I had burried inside myself" (Leidholdt 47). Is it conceivable that sex entertainment is going about as the way to opening the underhandedness in increasingly flimsy personalities?      According to Edward Donnerstein, a main scientist in the sex entertainment field, "the connection between explicitly rough pictures in the media and resulting animosity and . . . insensitive mentalities towards ladies is much stonger measurably than the connection among smoking and cancer" (Itzin 22). Subsequent to thinking about the expansion in assault and attack, inappropriate behavior, and other sex wrongdoings in the course of the most recent couple of decades, and furthermore the relating increment of business in the erotic entertainment industry, the connection among brutality and pornogrpahy needs impressive investigation and assessment. When the proof you will experience in this paper is assessed and measured, it will be hard not left away with the acknowledgment that routine utilization of obscene material advances unreasonable and out of reach wants in men that can leac to rough conduct toward ladies.      In request to appropriately talk about sex entertainment, and have the option to interface it to savagery, we should initially go to an essential and pleasant comprehension of what the word erotic entertainment implies. The term pornogrpahy starts from t... ...onse to Langton." Philosophy & Public Affairs. Summer 1992: 65-79. Jenish, D’Arcy. "The King of Porn." Maclean’s. 11 Oct. 1993: 52-56. "Did Sexy Kalvin Klein Ads Go Too Far?" Maclean’s. 2 Oct. 1995: 36. Kaminer, Wendy. "Feminists Against the First Amendment." The Atlantic Monthly. Nov. 1992: 111-118. Leidholdt, Margaret. Reclaim The Night: Women on Pornography. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1980. Nicols, Mark. "Viewers and Victims." Newsweek. 10 Aug. 1983: 60. Russell, Diana E.H., ed. Making Violence Sexy: Feminist View on Pornography. New York: Teachers College Press, 1994. Webster’s Dictionary. Miami Florida. P.S.I. &     Associates. 1987: 286. Weisz, Monica G., and Christopher M. Lords. "The Effects of Exposure to Filmed Sexual Violence on Attitudes Toward Rape." Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Walk 1995: 71-84. Whicclair, Mark. R. "Feminism, Pornography, and Censorship." Contemporary Moral Problems. ed. James White. Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN: 1994. White, Mary. "Women As Victim: The New Stereotype." Spin. Apr. 1992: 60-65.

Media Representations of the Poor

Media Representations of the Poor Maia Vogt Comms: Television analysis The Social Perversion Towards the Poor There has consistently been a negative shame of poor people, and whats more it is exceptionally acknowledged to trash, the individuals who are lower in the social financial chain. Reality T.V is a cheap program which misuses its cast/circumstance by setting them in opposition to social gatherings (for this situation poor people). It likewise propagating generalizations and prizes merciless conduct. Subsequently, it has standardized this Darwins carnal conduct. Unscripted television offers the appeal of fame in its chaotic many-sided web of abuse. It guarantees throws distinction by attempting to have them continually press fastens on acts that make it all the more an indulgence to watch (Strachan, 1). For this situation, shows, for example, Buckwild, Here Comes Honey Boo and The Beverly Hillbillies has additionally sustained the generalizing of rustic Americans, particularly in the South. CBS’s The Beverly Hillbillies portrays country â€Å"rednecks† who are placed into rich Beverly Hills with their lives recorded for a year to perceive how this family responds to the life of the sumptuous. In spite of this blameless expectation, The Beverly Hillbillies unavoidably turned into the fool which made extraordinary contention. In any case, this show resembled the impetus which started the formation of future Reality TV shows which featured urban low classes (Telegraph Herald,1). The show was less about sound relational peculiarities yet increasingly about taunting of the poor provincial residents through their unconstrained, strange responses. Ghen Maynard a CBS elective programming official, demonstrates that unscripted television isn't unsafe and cites that â€Å"viewers appreciate the diversion that originates from the fish-out-of-water situation of the show.† (Telegraph Herald,1) He additionally proceeds to state that principle reason for choosing of this cast is on the grounds that â€Å"we need a family who has a comical inclination about themselves.† (Telegraph Herald,1). As it were, there is no aims to hurt or deride poor people. Watchers need a brief look at an amusing family. In any case, that isn't the situation in light of the fact that these shows don't bring a feeling of network. Rather, it legitimately derides rustic culture. Another delineation is the seething MTV show Buckwild, which portrays youthful country Appalachians adolescents who like to invest their free energy drinking and mudding. Notwithstanding its cheerful air, the show made watchers unaware of the minor truth that they are giggling at the cast not with the cast. This not just gave watchers the negative got thought of Appalachia, yet in addition disguised the social standard of deriding poor people. Then again, a few pundits contend that the show really featured destitution in that area. Because of this show, various well known program, for example, ABC’s 20/20, PBS Frontline and even the mainstream youngster attire brand, Abercrombie Fitch have endeavored to bring in cash off the hardships of country life ( for this situation, Appalachia). On the other hand, these endeavors really guided watchers from the center issues that influence the Appalachian people group and further sustained more generalizations (Bradner, 2). In all actuality, seeing individuals endure is unreasonably engaging. For instance, when Grandee a cast individual from Buckwild says â€Å"I dont’ have a telephone. I don’t have a Facebook. I don’t have none of that Internet Stuff.† (Brander, 3) We as watchers locate that bizarre and lamentable, however watchers overlook that Grandee saying this in broken English is the aftereffect of long stretches of abuse of Appalachians from the mining organizations that once worked there. Watchers don't comprehend the relationsh ip of absence of instruction, fundamental social insurance, high teenager birth rates and incessant malady that desolated through this Appalachian people group. The essential center is the diversion which originates from the absence of these necessities (Bradner, 2). Nonetheless, official makers of MTV protected these shows by demonstrating this is reality. Despite what might be expected, if that was the situation, MTV would show how these individuals are segregated from the most fundamental needs. The reasons the throws go â€Å"mudding† to sit around idly is on the grounds that they have no discretionary cashflow to do whatever else. The show would feature the regular battles of the cast and families living under the neediness line in Appalachia, yet that would not bring about a high appraisals appear (Bradner,3). It is a hazard makers are not keen on gambling. The purpose behind this misuse of the poor is to make an obstruction. As Bradner states â€Å"without the foil, we would need to confront our own poverties, our own boorishness, our own shelterness, our own absence of sophistication.† (Bradner,3) Brandner’s point is this is a passionate boundary where we as watchers purposefully let ourselves to be separated from how we really consider ourselves and our qualities. The mental impacts on focusing on the poor is that it brings about watchers, for this situation non-Appalachians feel that the are by one way or another better than their country partners (Bradner,3). Harold Rogers, a U.S. Rep. once asked said â€Å"no one would set out propose making a program concentrating on generalizations about African Americans, Muslims or JewsWhy then would it be alright to base those of us living in provincial America?.† (Bradner,2) Roger’s point is that American culture is a twofold standard which makes it worthy to slam poor people and make them the derision of our jokes. At last this propagation of the poor changes our qualities. The delineations of unscripted television about the poor are seen through the cast, yet it is lived vicariously through its watchers. Generalizing represents an issue since it powers gatherings to acclimate into a set norm and this influences the watchers discernment by not permitting them to break past these set principles. Therefore, one can not make sound connections on the grounds that there is a boundary because of what we see on unscripted television (Bradner, 4). Additionally, the best harm of all will alwa ys be the cast which will be viewed as the phony characters makers have made them to become (Bradner, 4). These shows are obliterating on the two watchers and the segment. These discoveries have significant ramifications on the fringe space of exactly how much unscripted television has gotten an American staple. Its negative jokes are infectious (Strachan, 1). The fact of the matter is there can even now be Reality TV shows featuring poor people, anyway these shows ought not show the formed characters of the cast and their crazy conduct. Rather, it should show how these individuals are much the same as every other person, with a fantasy a feeling of independence and how the states of neediness has impels them to better their life. One case of this sort of show could be The Wire which shows how urban disparity influences poor people and their drive to defeat these set generalizations (Blair, 2). Today, we live in a domain of Reality TV since we have been so disguised by set gauges. Reality TV’s impact is an enduring power which at long last, brings about the makers having the last chuckle. It is our obligation as residents to not get questionable to the visually challenged inclinations sustained through TV. It is our activity as crowds to figure out what is genuine, what is reality and reclassify the acknowledged life exercises educated by unscripted television. References: Blair, Elizabeth. From Good Times To Honey Boo: Who Is Poor On TV? NPR. NPR, 05 Aug. 2014. Web. 13 May 2015. Brandner, Alexandra. America’s Favorite Joke Is Anything however Funny.Saloncom RSS. Salon, 7 Jan. 2013. Web. 13 May 2015. Strachan, Alex. Impacts Are Real, Even If Shows Arent. Times Colonist (Victoria, British Columbia) (n.d.): n. pag. LexisNexis Academic [LexisNexis]. Web. 14 May 2015. Messenger, Telegraph. Reality TVs Potshot at Poor Goes Too Far; Turn It Off: CBS Hopes to Get America Laughing at the Expense of Real-life hillbillies in California. Broadcast Herald (Dubuque, IA) (2002): n. pag. LexisNexis Academic [LexisNexis]. Web. 14 May 2015.

Teenage Pregnancy The Preventable Health Issue - Free Essay Example

Introduction Teen pregnancy occurs most often in southern states, or areas that dont teach safe sex, or abstinence only. As technology has advanced, teenagers have been able to look online for information that they are not taught in school, so teen pregnancy in the United States has decreased a lot in the last few years (CDC). Many teenagers arent taught safe sex, so they dont know how to prevent pregnancy or STDs (National Campaign). More programs are needed in schools and in communities to teach those who dont know about STDs and pregnancy. Explain the Health Issue According to Peskin, the best way to prevent teen pregnancy is by teaching TPP (teen pregnancy prevention) (Peskin) The problem is that a lot of these programs dont get funding, especially in southern states where religion plays a bigger role in communities. It has been proven that areas with these prevention programs have fewer rates of teen pregnancy then areas without it. Parents talking to their teenagers early on about safe sex has also been proven to help prevent pregnancy (National Campaign, 2011). Teen Pregnancy and STDs are statistically lower in rates in areas that teach safe sex, most teenagers are going to try it no matter what, so if they are taught how to stay safe, it can help the spread of STDs and teen pregnancy. Individual Level Teen Pregnancy mainly impacts the individual. Teen pregnancy is a public health concern because teen mothers are more likely to experience negative social outcomes, including school dropout (CDC, 2012). Of the 1.3 million of students that dropped out of school in 2012, 30% claimed it was because of pregnancy or parenthood (Muckle, 2012). By age 22, only around 50 percent of teen mothers have received a high school diploma and only 30 percent have earned a General Education Development (GED) certificate, whereas 90% of women who did not give birth as an adolescent receive a diploma. Only about 10 percent of teen mothers complete a two- or four-year college program (Adverse Effects, 2011). Without an education nowadays, it is very hard to find a good job that can support yourself, and to include children, it is even harder. These teen mothers are putting a pause on their lives in order to care for their child. This could mean giving up on school, or putting a delay on school in order t o care in order to be a mom. Population Level The problem of teen pregnancy has an impact on both the individual and the population. There is no single cause for the rising rate of adolescent pregnancy, but rather a combination of factors. These can generally be grouped under biological factors, societal factors, personal attitude and/or needs, ignorance, misunderstanding when it comes to sexual matters, and problems innate in modern contraceptive methods (Hechtman, 2006). Teen pregnancy can cause consequences including health, economic, and emotional outcomes for the parents and the child. Teen pregnancy costs U.S. taxpayers about $11 billion per year due to increased health care and foster care, increased incarceration rates among children of teen parents, and lost tax revenue because of lower educational accomplishment and income among teen mothers (Adverse Health, 2011). The population is affected by teen pregnancy because teenage mothers arent able to provide for their children, so they need to get support from the governme nt. Conclusion Teen pregnancy can be a preventable health issue if it was understood and educated to everyone. Abstinence only education has been proven to not be completely effective since teenagers will still get curious and experiment. Since they were only taught abstinence as sex education, they arent aware of how to preform safe sex, and they could end up pregnant or with an STI/STD. Teen pregnancy has the ability to derail a teenagers life, forcing them to drop out of school or not reach their potential because they have to take care and afford a baby. Many teenagers are unable to support a family financially, costing taxpayers millions of dollars for healthcare, foster care, etc.. Safe sex needs to be taught in schools in order to help prevent disease, infection and pregnancy. References Adverse Effects. (2011). Retrieved from https://youth.gov/youth-topics/pregnancy-prevention/adverse-effects-teen-pregnancy Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Vital Statistics System: birth data. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/births.htm. Accessed September 25, 2018. Gosling, B. (2017). Adolescent pregnancy. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.gov/adolescent-pregnancy Hechtman, L. (2006). Teenage mothers and their children: Risks and problems: A review. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2670180 Muckle, G. (2012). The Drop Out Crisis and Teen Pregnancy. Retrieved from https://www.progressivepolicy.gov/blog/the-drop-out-crisis-and-teen-pregnancy/ Melissa F. Peskin, Belinda F. Hernandez, Efrat K. Gabay, Paula Cuccaro, Dennis H. Li, Eric Ratliff,Kelly Reed-Hirsch, Yanneth Rivera, Kimberly Johnson-Baker, Susan Tortolero Emery and Ross Shegog, (2017) Using Intervention Mapping for Program Design and Production of iCHAMPSS: An Online Decision Support System to Increase Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance of Evidence-Based Sexual Health Programs, Frontiers in Public Health, 5, (2017). Prepregnancy Contraceptive Use Among Teens with Unintended Pregnancies Resulting in Live Births Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 20042008. (2012). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6102a1.htm The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. Counting it up: the public costs of teen childbearing: key data. (2011) https://www.thenationalcampaign.org/costs/pdf/counting-it-up/key-data.pdf.

Pros and Cons of Massive Open Online Courses

Post-secondary schools of all kinds—expensive, elite colleges, state universities, and community colleges—are flirting with the idea of MOOCs, massive open online courses, where tens of thousands of students can take the same class simultaneously. Is this the future of college? Nathan Heller wrote about the phenomenon in the May 20, 2013, issue of The New Yorker in Laptop U. I recommend you find a copy or subscribe online for the full article, but Ill share with you here what I gleaned as the pros and cons of MOOCs from Hellers article. What Is a MOOC? The short answer is that a MOOC is an online video of a college lecture. The M stands for massive because there is no limit to the number of students who can enroll from anywhere in the world. Anant Agarwal is a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT, and president of edX, a non-profit MOOC company owned jointly MIT and Harvard. In 2011, he launched a forerunner called MITx (Open Courseware), hoping to get 10 times the usual number of classroom students in his spring-semester circuits-and-electronics course, about 1,500. In the first few hours of posting the course, he told Heller, he had 10,000 students sign up from all over the world. The ultimate enrollment was 150,000. Massive. The Pros MOOCs are controversial. Some say they are the future of higher education. Others see them as the eventual downfall of it. Here are the pros Heller found in his research. MOOCs: Are free. Right now, most MOOCs are free or nearly free, a definite plus for the student. This is likely to change as universities look for ways to defray the high cost of creating MOOCs.Provide a solution to overcrowding. According to Heller, 85% of Californias community colleges have course waiting lists. A bill in the California Senate seeks to require the state’s public colleges to give credit for approved online courses.Force professors to improve lectures. Because the best MOOCs are short, usually an hour at the most, addressing a single topic, professors are forced to examine every bit of material as well as their teaching methods.Create a dynamic archive. Thats what Gregory Nagy, professor of classical Greek literature at Harvard, calls it. Actors, musicians, and standup comedians record their best performances for broadcast and posterity, Heller writes; why shouldnt college teachers do the same? He cites Vladimir Nabokov as once suggesting that his lessons at Cornell be recorded and played each term, freeing him for other activities.Are designed to ensure that students keep up. MOOCs are real college courses, complete with tests and grades. They are filled with multiple choice questions and discussions that test comprehension. Nagy sees these questions as almost as good as essays because, as Heller writes, the online testing mechanism explains the right response when students miss an answer, and it lets them see the reasoning behind the correct choice when theyre right.The online testing process helped Nagy redesign his classroom course. He told Heller, Our ambition is actually to make the Harvard experience now closer to the MOOC experience.Bring people together from all over the world. Heller quotes Drew Gilpin Faust, Harvard president, regarding her thoughts on a new MOOC, Science Cooking, that teaches chemistry and physics in the kitchen, I just have the vision in my mind of people cooking all over the globe together. It’s kind of ni ce.Allow teachers to make the most of classroom time in blended classes. In what is called a flipped classroom, teachers send students home with assignments to listen to or watch a recorded lecture, or read it, and return to the classroom for more valuable discussion time or other interactive learning.Offer interesting business opportunities. Several new MOOC companies launched in 2012: edX  by Harvard and MIT; Coursera, a Standford company; and Udacity, which focuses on science and tech. The Cons The controversy surrounding MOOCs includes some pretty strong concerns about how they will shape the future of higher education. Here are some of the cons from Hellers research. MOOCs: Could cause teachers to become nothing more than glorified teaching assistants. Heller writes that Michael J. Sandel, a Harvard justice professor, wrote in a letter of protest, The thought of the exact same social justice course being taught in various philosophy departments across the country is downright scary.Make discussion a challenge. It’s impossible to facilitate meaningful conversation in a classroom with 150,000 students. There are electronic alternatives: message boards, forums, chat rooms, etc., but the intimacy of face-to-face communication is lost, emotions often misunderstood. This is a particular challenge for humanities courses. Heller writes, When three great scholars teach a poem in three ways, it isnt inefficiency. It is the premise on which all humanistic inquiry is based.Grading papers is impossible. Even with the help of graduate students, grading tens of thousands of essays or research papers is daunting, to say the least. Heller reports that edX is deve loping software to grade papers, software that gives students immediate feedback, allowing them to make revisions. Harvards Faust isnt completely on board. Heller quotes her as saying, I think they are ill-equipped to consider irony, elegance, and†¦I don’t know how you get a computer to decide if there’s something there it hasn’t been programmed to see.Make it easier for students to drop out. Heller reports that when MOOCs are strictly online, not a blended experience with some classroom time, dropout rates are typically more than 90%.Intellectual property and financial details are issues. Who owns an online course when the professor who creates it moves to another university? Who gets paid for teaching and/or creating online courses? These are issues that MOOC companies will need to work out in the upcoming years.Miss the magic. Peter J. Burgard is a professor of German at Harvard. He has decided not to participate in online courses because he believes the college experience comes from sitting in preferably small groups having genuine human interactions, really digging into and exploring a knotty topic—a difficult image, a fascinating text, whatever. Thats exciting. There’s a chemistry to it that simply cannot be replicated online.Will shrink faculties, eventually eliminating them. Heller writes that Burgard sees MOOCs as destroyers of traditional higher education. Who needs professors when a school can hire an adjunct to manage a MOOC class? Fewer professors will mean fewer Ph.D.s granted, smaller graduate programs, fewer fields, and subfields taught, the eventual death of entire bodies of knowledge. David W. Wills, professor of religious history at Amherst, agrees with Burgard. Heller writes that Wills worries about academia falling under hierarchical thrall to a few star professors. He quotes Wills, Its like higher education has discovered the megachurch. MOOCs will most definitely be the source of many conversations and debates in the near future. Watch for related articles coming soon.

George Washington Farewell Address - 1117 Words

Research Paper In 1796, George Washington, who was known as being one of the greatest leaders in history, wrote an important document to the American people. This document was written to inform and help prevent the Americans from making any mistakes or decisions that could hurt the nation and the people in it. You should know that Washington was extremely sensitive to the importance of public appearance and he used his departure from Presidency to publicize a major final statement of his political ideas. He wrote what would later become his Farewell Address. He wrote this document with the help of James Madison’s in 1792. The Farewell Address to the United Nation was never essentially delivered verbally with words, it was first published†¦show more content†¦Such parties may claim to be trying to answer rampant demands or solve serious problems, but their true intentions are to take the power away from the people and place it in the hands of men who don’t deserve it. In the w ords of Washington, he states: However [political parties] may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely in the course of time and things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the reins of government, destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion.† In this quote Washington explains how both parties (Democratic and Federalist) may love their country, but also about how he feared that having separate parties may leave the people loving their parties, more than our country. Ironically, when George Washington became President of the United States in 1789 during his first term, there were no political parties, and looking at today’s society, things have changed. George Washington was clearly very aware of the destructive nature of Political Parties and the harm that it could do to our country, but we have not learned from our mistakes to this day***** add something else/switch Another big point that Washington stressed was that becoming alliances with Foreign nations would endanger the United States. He believed thatShow MoreRelatedGeorge Washington and the Farewell Address717 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿George Washington and the Farewell Address As the first president to guide, lead and protect what was very much a youthful, vulnerable, hopeful and energetic nation, George Washington will always hold a special and inalienable place in the minds and hearts of all Americans. However, other historians would assert that it was his achievements as an unflinching and courageous military leader was really equated to his most lasting and important contribution to American history: As the Commander inRead MoreGeorge Washington s Farewell Address Essay1258 Words   |  6 PagesChase Williams US History to 1865 Dr. Lisa Crutchfield October 14, 2015 George Washington s Farewell Address, Primary Source Analysis George Washington’s Presidential Farewell Address consisted of three critical elements that were considered vital for the functional survival of the country that had just won its independence. On September 19, 1796, President Washington advised the nation to stand together as one united country, warned the people about the dangers of political parties and heRead MoreGeorge Washington Farewell Address Essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Washington, a very famous man known as the first President of the United States of America, was born on the 22nd of February, 1732 in the colony of Bridges Creek, Virginia. (George Presidential Early Life sec.1 para.3) He was born into a wealthy, land-owning family and was a very political individual. Washington served as a Major in the Virginia militia and also fought in the French and Indian War from 1754 to 1763. In addition, Washington became a representative of the Virginia legislatureRead MoreGeorge Washington s Farewell Address1996 Wor ds   |  8 PagesIn George Washington s Farewell Address, Washington warns against the dangers of political factions by stating, â€Å"it occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations, Northern and Southern, Atlantic and Western; whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interests and views† (Washington). However, despite American leaders such as George Washington and James MadisonRead MoreGeorge Washington s Farewell Address Essay1884 Words   |  8 Pages1796 that George Washington gave his â€Å"Farewell Address.† This profoundly important message is still read each year in the Senate. On September 19, 1796, US President George Washington published his Farewell Address to the nation of citizens. 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From Washington s perspectiveRead MoreAnalysis Of George Washington s Farewell Address954 Words   |  4 PagesThe document, George Washington, Farewell Address, was a letter written to the citizens of the United States of America. It allowed outgoing President Washington to give advice on how to maintain the nation after he was gone. He advised our politicians to act in good faith towards all nations and to make an effort to keep peace with other countries. He cautioned to remain connected to God, maintain high moral principles and to set a good example, one that is guided by a sense of justice and kindnessRead MoreGeorge Washington s Speech On Farewell Address831 Words   |  4 PagesAuthor: George Washington Title: Farewell Address a. Identify the document--what type of document is it (i.e. a letter, a newspaper article, etc.) and what year was it created? This document is a piece of George Washington’s final public address/speech as presidentRead MoreAnalysis Of George Washington s Farewell Address1009 Words   |  5 PagesProblem: In 1789 George Washington’s Farewell Address contained one major piece of advice to the county regarding relations with other nations: â€Å"avoid entangling alliances.† Those words shaped United States foreign policy for more than a century (Policy Making, American Government). Today some Americans think that Washington’s words are still wise ones, and that the United States (U.S.) should withdraw from world affairs whenever possible. In truth, however, the United States has been embroiledRead MoreEconomic Prosperity : George Washington s Farewell Address1660 Words   |  7 PagesEsha Parikh Blanchard APUSH 2 16 January 2015 Economic Prosperity: 1898-1945: Prior to the 1890’s, the United States followed a foreign policy of seclusion to worldly matters. This idea stemming from George Washington’s Farewell Address to â€Å"avoid entangling alliances† became the foundation for American seclusion and detachment, a policy which resulted in this country being able to overcome tremendous internal difficulties facing the rising, fast-changing state of America. The Manifest Destiny enlarged

Commercial law Infringement of Intellectual Property Right

Questions: 1. What infringements of copyright have occurred in the above circumstances ?2. What rights does the trade mark give us to take legal action in against the sellers of the film, and presuming they can be found, the illegal copiers ? 3. Do any criminal acts result from either the actions of the retailers or manufacturers of the pirate DVDs ? If so, what are the maximum penalties for such acts ? Answers: 1: Infringement of copy right In general copy right means a legal right which is preserved to the creator for a specific span of time for print, publish, perform, film, or record any of his literary, artistic, or musical material. According section 1 of Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, copyright is any unique literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, sound recordings, films or any of the printing arrangement of available editions. Section 5B of Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 specifically deals with Films. Film includes recording on any of the medium, where moving image can be produced. The sound track supplementary to a film shall also be taken into consideration.[1]Section 6 deals with broadcasting. Broadcasting means and includes transmission of any visual image or sounds to the public. Section 16, 17 also describes the circumstances under which coping a copyrighted item can infringe copyright laws. For a film both of this above mentioned section can be applied. If someone copies the film and shows it or sells it then it infringes the copy right. 2: Infringement of trade mark: According to Trade Marks Act 1994 a trade mark includes any sign able of being represented graphically or which is capable of individualize goods or services of one enterprise to another. A trade mark generally includes designs, letters, numbers or the shape of product or their packaging etc. Arsenal FC plc v Reed [2] was a land mark case in relation to trade mark. Arsenal FC is a football club, which have their own registered trademarks. Matthew Reed had distributed souvenirs with that registered trademarks of the Arsenal FC. Arsenal Football Club takes legal action against Matthew Reed. They alleged that Mr. Reed had violates certain of the registered trademarks. The main judgment was on the question that whether the utilization of the sign harm guarantee of original. The court says that it harms the trade mark laws. The decision is supportive to original product owners who are in the hunt for the enforcement of their rights against suppliers of unauthorized products using their marks. In the light of the case we can say that infringements of trade mark laws for cinematographic films also be happened if someone uses the particular sign or symbols which exclusively preserves for the owner of the films. 3: Criminal remedy Under copyright law: Section 107 specifies that if an individual commits an infringement without the license of the copyright proprietor the person shall be liable for custody for a term not more than six months or a fine not more than 50,000, or both and on conviction on indictment it can fine or custody for a term not more than 10 years or both. If an individual infringes any copyright and transmitting the work to the public in general [section 107(2A)], he shall be punishable with imprisonment not more than three months or with a fine not more than 50,000, or both; and on conviction on indictment it a fine or custody for a term not more than two years, or both.[4] Under trade mark law: A person commits an breach of trademark with no consent of the proprietor can be imprisoned for not more than 6 months or for a fine of 5,000or in case of Indictment the term of imprisonment is 10 years(section 92 of According to Trade Marks Act 1994).[5] Right of the buyers against the seller of the defective DVDs under Sale of Goods Act, 1979 It was found that around 75% of the pirated DVDs were also defective or inappropriate because they have been recorded on very poor quality blank DVDs from which the film cannot be watched properly. The major fact in issues is that the sellers of those DVDs delivered defective goods to the innocent buyers. Section 13 of Sale of Goods Act, 1979 describes the provision relating to sale by description. This section specifically describe that the goods must be according to the description claim by the seller. Section 12 of the Act[6] also specifies about some implied conditions regarding the sale of goods. This section tells that it is implied condition that the seller has the title of the goods which he passes to the buyer. In Beale v. Taylor[7] it was happened that Taylor prints a commercial to sell a automobile telling it as white, 1961, herald. Beale came to examine the car. He did not get a test drive, but sat on the traveler side. After this he also noticed a metallic round on the back of the car which indicates 1200. He purchased the car assuming it to be the 1961 model.[8] But later he found that car is not satisfactory. The mechanic after examination told him that the automobile was combined of two machines together. Beale sue Taylor for breach of contract. Court held that both the parties are innocent because by an ordinary examination of the particular good no one can determine the defect in it. This is a sale by description but the buyer examine the car before buying it. Beale entitled to get the price difference. There are various specific sections of Sales of Goods Act, 1979 which specifically deals with the provisions relating to defect of a good. Section 14 (2) (a) indicate that if the goods can be examined by the buyer at the time of the sale takes place then its the duty of the buyer to check it properly otherwise he cannot claim the defense of defective goods later. Section 15 also specifies that if any good is sold by sample then the sample will represent the whole bulk of product. Section 22 (1) state that when the goods are sold in market overt and the buyer buyers the product in good faith without knowing any defect on it, buyers acquire a good title. In all the above mentioned sections of Sales of goods Act, 1979 indicate that if the buyer is aware that he/she is purchasing a defective goods then he/she never succeed in a case of breach of agreement of sale. But if the buyers are bona fide buyer then he has the right to sue the seller. If the buyers of those pirated DVDs know that the DVDs are pirated then they are well aware about the fact that the seller has no right to sell because they dont have the proper title. So in this case they cannot claim any right against those products. But if the buyers are innocent and relied that the retailer has the proper title to sell it then they can sue the retailer for misappropriation and delivery of defective goods under Sales of goods Act, 1979. References uk, 'Intellectual Property Crime And Infringement - Detailed Guidance - GOV.UK' (2014) https://www.gov.uk/intellectual-property-crime-and-infringement accessed 24 March 2015 uk, 'Intellectual Property Offences - GOV.UK' (2015) https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/intellectual-property-offences/intellectual-property-offences accessed 24 March 2015 uk, 'Trade Marks Act 1994 - Publications - GOV.UK' (2008) https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/trade-marks-act-1994 accessed 24 March 2015 gov.uk, 'Copyright, Designs And Patents Act 1988' (2015) https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents accessed 24 March 2015 gov.uk, 'Sale Of Goods Act 1979' (2015) https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/54 accessed 24 March 2015 Verma V, 'Beale V. Taylor' (wordpress.com, 2012) https://indiancaselaws.wordpress.com/2012/01/24/beale-vs-taylor/ accessed 24 March 2015 Arsenal FC plc v Reed[2003] ch Beale v Taylor(1967) 3 ALL Er [1] Section 5B of Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 [2] Arsenal FC plc v Reed[2003] Ch. [3] Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 [4]Gov.uk, 'Intellectual Property Crime And Infringement - Detailed Guidance - GOV.UK' (2014) https://www.gov.uk/intellectual-property-crime-and-infringement accessed 24 March 2015. [5]Gov.uk, 'Intellectual Property Offences - GOV.UK' (2015) https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/intellectual-property-offences/intellectual-property-offences accessed 24 March 2015. [6] Sale of Goods Act,1979 [7] Beale v Taylor(1967) 3 ALL Er [8] Vivek Verma, 'Beale V. Taylor' (Indiancaselaws.wordpress.com, 2012) https://indiancaselaws.wordpress.com/2012/01/24/beale-vs-taylor/ accessed 24 March 2015.

Manual vs Automatic Transmission Essay Essay Example

Manual vs Automatic Transmission Essay Essay Why are autos with manual transmittals so popular? Besides. what are some of the differences and some of the advantages to driving a auto with a manual transmittal? They are more hard to drive than a auto with an automatic in it. They besides require certain motor accomplishments that you don’t necessitate with an automatic. One could besides take an automatic that is easier to drive and would do your thrust in first-come-first-serve hr traffic more comfy. Peoples who have driven autos with manuals in them know the differences and the advantages of driving one. The driver has more control over the car’s power than they do when driving autos with machine rifles in them. Cars with machine rifles are great to drive around because they don’t necessitate excessively much drive accomplishments. Peoples who don’t truly like to drive normally will take a auto that is automatic. They frequently don’t pay as much attending to the things that are go oning around them while they are driving. They have improved a batch through the old ages with better cogwheel ratios. and the switching response when the driver merely presses on the gas. However. they are non every bit much merriment to drive. That is why race are drivers drive autos with manual transmittals. We will write a custom essay sample on Manual vs Automatic Transmission Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Manual vs Automatic Transmission Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Manual vs Automatic Transmission Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cars with manual transmittals are really fuel efficient. They respond better to the driver which makes them safer. Peoples that drive autos with manual transmittals are more focussed on their drive. When the driver down displacements when they are driving to cut down their velocity. they are besides salvaging their brake tablets. Other thing autos with manual transmittals have more power and tend to react better when you accelerate. It besides makes your driving more interesting. Besides race auto drivers drive autos with manual transmittals to take their drive accomplishments to a higher degree for maximal public presentation. Ones personality will do you make up ones mind on which is better for you to drive. My personal sentiment is that autos with manual transmittals are a batch more merriment to drive than machine rifles. Because. autos are made for drive and drive should be merriment.

Globalization news article essays

Globalization news article essays In the article "A Hard Habit to Break," Newsweek's Brook Lamar discusses the growing illegal trade in cigarettes originating from China and extending to other parts of Southeast Asia. This trade has two components. First, genuine foreign cigarettes from tobacco giants like Marlboro, Philip Morris and Salem are smuggled into the country. Second, China also has a flourishing counterfeit cigarette industry. Fake cigarettes, complete with official-looking government import seals and a "Made in America" label are then sold in the black markets in Singapore, Shanghai, the Philippines and even Australia. This article illustrates a type of economic globalization. The sales of cigarettes and other tobacco products have dwindled significantly in the United States due to health campaigns. To make up for the loss of its North American market, tobacco companies have turned to China and by extension, Asia. Tobacco companies have previously tolerated the trade in counterfeit cigarettes, believing that these fake cigarettes increased brand recognition in the country. Today, however, the same companies are concerned that the black market trade in cigarettes is eroding one of the last few markets that are still hospitable to tobacco products. The article also uses the tobacco trade to illustrate the limitations of economic globalization organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), which was supposed to open countries such as China to foreign investment. However, the WTO does not take into consideration how China is divided into fiefdoms, giving rise to a fragmentation that is incompatible with the WTO provisions. The system of local protectionism is thus not ready to absorb outside brands and limits the development of any national industries, including tobacco products. This feature article illustrates many aspects of globalization. The article mentio...

Strategic Leadership on Alliance or Vertical Integration Case Study on Essay

Strategic Leadership on Alliance or Vertical Integration Case Study on Cisco Systems - Essay Example It also wanted to use the expertise of employees of acquired companies. Cisco's employee friendly policies was instrumental to its success. This acquisition policy has played a key role in the swift development of hardware components used in the Internet field. As all the acquired companies had their own infrastructure and clientele base, it helped Cisco in development and expansion. Although it maintained its leadership role in the market, yet this did not deter it from entering into partnerships with other manufacturing and software designing companies. Morgridge's philosophy proved very successful. The strategy of integration with competitors and other associated companies have made Cisco a world leader in the field of Internet and IT. 2. Hi Writer, I think this framework will help you better. Forget about the write up. Please help to identify all the factors and analyze why it is important from the perspective of customer, employer and writer. I am very sorry, but when reading your paragraph, I am not clear even after reading a few times how to pluck the factors into the following table. This is exactly what the question is asking for. Thanks. 3) Many factors favor the purchase of INS. INS is a leading network consulting company with about 2000 employees. Most of them are senior professionals in their field of expertise. It is a rapidly growing company with very good market share.

Does physical location impact collaboration between groups Essay

Does physical location impact collaboration between groups - Essay Example People from one PC could connect to any other who is in any part of the world with one of the medium called as Net Meeting which is provided by the Microsoft. CMC (Computer mediated Communications) which is in short for communications takes place between people through supported media which can either be audio/video conferencing, emails, chat rooms etc. In a global scale this technology helps organizations to gain competitive advantage as they respond to the customers needs quickly. There have been a number of researchers that has been going on to make a break through in this particular area. Usually, GSS (Group Support Systems), and groupware represent trends in practical collaboration that have fulfilled the demands. A large number of people who have been using the internet as a tool for communication, over the last few decades have faced a significant change and have been a considerable growth as well. A speculation is been carried out whether having to attend a meeting in person is as important as it is in the virtual world in a group. The issues that are occurring when 2 different technologies communicate with each other are emphasized here. Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) and GroupWare are the 2 technologies, with the help of these technologies; people can work as virtual groups from any part of the world which makes it convenient. There is a certain improvement of the results when these technologies are implemented and the decisions are made real quickly. The relevance of the present work lies in the fact that the scarce amount of literature on similar topics does not represent the scope of the problem and the real impact of the groupware in the fulfilling of the common tasks by virtual groups should be subjected to close consideration and research. The core idea of the work is whether the physical location (or, better, co-location) if the groups influences their performance in the fulfillment of the common tasks, and how the effects differ between co-locative groups and those which simply use groupware in their collaboration. For the aims of the present work it is necessary to look at the process of the performance of virtual groups in the use of the groupware for the fulfillment of the common tasks. It is also necessary to use the AST as the basis for the present research, as this theory allows deeper understanding of the processes which take place among the members of the virtual group at the time they us groupware for the fulfillment of the common task. It is necessary to define the changes which occur to each of the four decision-outcomes criteria for the better understanding of the impact of groupware. The data acquired through the work will be analyzed through comparison between the co-locative group and the one locating in different parts of the world but using groupware for the fulfillment of similar tasks. Adaptive Structuration Theory In management science, Adaptive Structuration describes the theory which was described by Anthony Giddens, which was further expanded and modelled by DeSanctis and Poole. The social and Intrapersonal affects that use technology on groups is emphasized here. Giddens rejects the extreme positions in the agency-structure debate, positioning in the process that human action, while institutionally constrained,

Capability Maturity Model Essay Example for Free

Capability Maturity Model Essay This report is split in to two parts, Part A of this report will aim to firstly define the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) and secondly critically asses the importance of the model in relation to Software Quality Management. The aim of Part B will be to first assess the benefits of gaining accreditation against the CMM for software companies, secondly explain why the CMM is important for Indian outsourcing organizations and provide examples of companies, and lastly critically evaluate the differences between the CMM and the TickIT scheme by identifying the strength and weakness of both methods. PART A 2. Capability Maturity Model (CMM) The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) was developed at Carnegie Mellon University by the software Engineering Institute (SEI) and it provides a frame work for process improvement. (8) 2. 1 Five levels of (CMM) CMM has five maturity levels that lay successive foundations for continuous process improvement. Looking at figure1 in 2. 2, we can see that each maturity level comprises a set of process goals that when satisfied, stabilize an important component at the software process. (9). The Capability maturity model is organized in to five levels. Below is a description of each one: * Initial (Level 1): At this level the software process is ad hoc and projects succeed through individual heroism. ( 8) * Repeatable (Level 2): At this level basic project management processes are established to track schedule, cost, and functionality. (9) * Defined (Level 3): At this level the software process for both management and engineering activities is documented, standardized and integrated into a standard software process for the organisation. (9) Even though the Organization has a well defined process, it does not necessarily support it with quantitative measurements. (8) * Managed (Level 4): At this level detailed measures of the software process and product quality are collected and both the software process and product are quantitatively controlled and understood. (9) * Optimizing (Level 5): At this last level the organization makes quantitative measurements of its projects and makes use of those measurements to tune the process. (8) 2. 2 Diagram of the five levels Figure 1. CMM model (2) 3. Important of the model in relation to the SQM A lot of attention has been given to improving the process of designing, developing, and delivering software applications. The Software Engineering Institutes CMM Model is designed to help us evaluate the maturity of our Software development processes. The Capability Maturity Model recognizes that there are tools and processes that, while not directly involved in the production of code, aid in the overall Software Quality Management process. (1) The CMM is now popular and has been effective in emphasizing the importance of process improvement. Process improvement is an important Total Quality Management concept and significant research has focused on the design and evolution of the software development processes with the intent to enhance their capability and maturity. The Software Engineering Institute (SEI) has developed specific models to evaluate, diagnose, and evolve the capabilities of the software development process. (4) As mentioned in 2. 1, the SEIs Capability Maturity Model (CMM) defines an evolutionary path from ad hoc, chaotic processes to mature, disciplined processes. Process maturation, as assessed by the predictability of development outcomes in terms of quality, budget, and schedules is enhanced when feedback is meaningfully generated and utilized to recalibrate and fine tune the software process design. (4) Report evidence have suggested that organizations implementing a Capability Maturity Model-based software process improvement have realized gains in development cycle time and programmer productivity. (4) However Reports also suggest that organizations face difficulties in adhering to the sequence, as recommended by CMM, in which changes to the development process needs to be implemented. (4) In conclusion lack of theory informing the conceptualization of the Capability Maturing Model stages raises questions about the rationale for the suggested sequencing to develop process capabilities. Limited attention has been devoted to define process management, identify and define its constitutive dimensions, and develop reliable and valid measurement instruments for each of these dimensions. (4) Process improvement is one aspect of Total Quality Management that needs to be integrated with other core Total Quality Management principles, such as customer focus and viewing the organization with an integrated systems perspective. These essential aspects of Total Quality Management are currently missing in the Capability Maturity Model (CMM). (4) Integrative theory development is required to understand the relationships between process management practices and other elements of the development organization, which enable or constrain effective process management. (4) Generally the Capability Maturity Model recognizes that moving from a craft approach, where performance is largely a function of individual skills, to a factory approach, where the process plays a dominant role, is necessary to improve software development performance). Many Information System developers could perceive process-based approaches such as the CMM as deskilling their job and increasing managerial control over systems development tasks. Such a change is likely to be resisted by IS developers and could be a cause for failure of these approach. (4)

Chief Justice Earl Warren Essay -- essays research papers fc

Chief Justice Earl Warren Earl Warren was born March 19, 1891 in Los Angeles, California. Earl’s father was a Norwegian immigrant, which left him dealing with prejudice and equal rights at a very young age (Grace, 1). This lead to early indications that law would be Earl’s profession. Even before entering High School, he listened to criminal cases at the Kern County courthouse. Attending the University of California at Berkeley, Warren worked his way through college. He majored in political science for three years before entering the law school at UC. â€Å"He received his B.L. degree in 1912 and his J.D. degree in 1914. On May 14, 1915, he was admitted to the California bar. After graduation Warren worked in law offices in San Francisco and Oakland, the only time in his career when he was engaged in private practice† (White, 61). The young lawyer became a deputy district attorney in Alameda County, and eventually became district attorney in 1925 when is opponent decided to resign from th e race (Weaver, 40). He would go on to win the next four elections. â€Å"During his fourteen years as district attorney, Warren developed a reputation as a crime fighter. As a prosecutor Warren was sometimes accused of high-handedness in his methods, but in thirteen years and in thousands of cases ranging from murder to window-breaking, he never had a conviction reversed by a higher court† (Ely, 964). Warren served as attorney general from 1939-1943, enjoying the image of an effective foe of racketeers. In 1948, Warren was the Republican Party's nominee for vice-president of the United States. He and fellow republican Thomas Dewey would end up losing the race, the only election Warren ever lost, to Democratic candidate Harry S. Truman. In 1953 President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren the fourteenth Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (Compston, 101). This new job would prove to be the most important and difficult job Warren had ever taken. â€Å"He inherited a court that was deeply divided between those justices who advocated a more active role for the court and those who supported judicial restraint† (Compston, 133). Among the Warren Court's most important decisions was the ruling that made racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. The Brown vs. The Board of Education case dealt with the segregation of public schools. Although all the schools in a ... ... Brown vs. the Board of Ed. Case from this source. In addition, this book contain a lot of criticism that Warren faced because of his ruling. Weaver, John D. Warren: The Man, the Court, the Era. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book provided information about Warrens career early on, most importantly his becoming District Attorney of California. White, Edward G. Earl Warren: A Public Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. - This source had information about Warren’s accomplishments in school and his job right out of school. Internet Sources: Cray, Ed. â€Å"Landmark case Biography: Earl Warren†. Earl Warren/Brown vs. Board of Ed. Information page. 1997. 5 March 2005 < http://www. landmarkcases.org/brown/warren.html>   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - This website contained a great deal of information about the Brown vs. Board of Ed. case. Grace, Roger M. â€Å"Earl Warren, Norwegian American†. Earl Warren Information Page. June 1998. 4 March, 2005 < http://www.mnc.net/norway/warren.htm> -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This website provided me with information about the end of Warren’s career and his retirement.

Examination of the Role of Evolution Theory Essay

In this paper I will briefly describe the evolutionary theory in general, and specifically as it relates to the study of criminology. I will examine the ways in which natural selection has shaped the processes which motivate human behavior, especially in terms of how competing for limited resources and ensuring that one’s genetic code is passed on are linked to aggressive behavior. Two crimes of which I have personal knowledge will be evaluated, with emphasis placed on the ways in which evolutionary theory may account for the aspects of criminal behavior in each. Finally, I will reflect on the ways in which evolutionary theory may help further our understanding of the causes and predictors of criminal behavior and whether it should become a focus of a practitioner’s efforts to help prevent crime and reduce recidivism on an individual and programmatic level. Evolutionary theory is the study of the ways in which human behavior has been shaped over the history of the development of our species through the process of natural selection. Since human behavior includes criminal behavior, the study of evolutionary theory can he helpful in our understanding of the causes of crime. Evolutionary theory seeks to better understand and possibly predict today’s criminal behavior by examining the history of humans as a species to determine the root source of aggressive and violent behavior. Natural selection is the process by which certain naturally-occurring adaptations get passed on from generation to generation because they provide some advantage to survival and reproduction (reproductive success). Simply stated, if one of our ancestors has a genetic trait that makes him or her more likely to survive, mate, and reproduce in a harsh social and physical climate, this trait will be carried on to his or her children. While on the other hand, an individual lacking this trait will be less likely to reproduce and pass his or her traits on to the next generation. Over time, the gene traits that are favorable to survival and reproduction continue to pass from one generation to the next, to eventually be present in modern man. This is survival of the fittest, that the most genetically fit individuals are the ones who survive and pass their gene pool on to the next generation through sexual reproduction. Evolution through natural selection is a slow process, however, and the environment can change much more quickly than the evolutionary process. This means that the adaptations which increased likelihood of survival and reproduction in our ancestral environment thousands of years ago do not necessarily help us to do so today. Neanderthal’s did not have access to supermarkets, match.com, or central heating. Modern man does have access to plentiful resources, but our brains have not had the time to catch up. In fact, these traits that once helped keep us alive as individuals and as a species can be harmful in our current environment, which is fundamentally different than the environment in which these drives were formed. In his seminal book, On Aggression (1966), Konrad Lorenz posited that aggressive behavior is inherited to help an individual to protect scarce resources, such as mates and food (Lorenz, 1966). Whereas aggression may have made it more likely that you would successfully compete for food and mates in our distant past, it now leads more often to what is considered antisocial and criminal behavior. The two crimes that I will discuss today were carried out by offenders with whom I have worked directly, which provides me with some unique insight into the situations, backgrounds, and psychological mindsets of the actors involved. Last spring, Joe stabbed his girlfriend of 5 years multiple times in the face, chest, and neck. His girlfriend, Donna, sustained multiple life-threatening injuries requiring emergency surgeries and were nearly fatal. If not for the quick response by first responders and the effective interventions of ER staff and doctors, this crime would be classified as a murder. Donna had filed a protection-from-abuse order a year before the assault, after Joe confronted and assaulted her for believing that she had been sleeping with another man. This order was broken several times before the stabbing took place, but Joe was quickly released each time. In my opinion, an evolutionary theorist would say that this act of violence was motivated by the fear of losing one’s mate, and therefore his means by which to reproduce. If this had occurred in our ancestral environment, the motivation may have been more necessary as males would be competing for a limited number of female mates, but this is certainly not the case today. Some other facts about Joe are that he was diagnosed with bi-polar disorder and was not medicated because he could not afford his prescriptions. He had dropped out of school in 10th grade, leaving him limited employment opportunities, he was an active substance dependant, and he was raised in a single-parent household after his mother died in a car accident when he was 7. Joe’s father left his other son (Joe’s brother), who was only four years older, to take on the majority of Joe’s upbringing from this point on. In my opinion, even though Joe may have had an innate drive to protect what he believed to be a threat to his mate, it was the lack of protective forces and the presence of a combination of criminogenic risk factors, across multiple disciplines, which led to his criminal behavior. Evolutionary theory might have been able to describe why some of the mechanisms by which Joe’s aggressiveness developed, but it could not account for the crime itself because everyone is born with these same innate aggressive mechanisms. The second crime I will describe was an assault carried out by members of rival gangs in a dispute over a female and rights to prime drug-selling territory. Desmond is a member of the CRIPs gang and is involved in selling cocaine and marijuana in Northeastern PA. He has a prior record of three Possession of a Controlled Substance with Intent to Deliver charges, two convictions for Assault, and was currently on probation. One day during the summer, he came home to his apartments at the Sherman Hills development to find his girlfriend talking with a member of a rival gang, the Bloods, whom she claimed to know from elementary school. The Bloods are also involved in selling drugs in this area, and both gangs often feud over how the territory should be broken up, but this area was clearly marked as belonging to the CRIPs. Desmond confronted the man, and after he claimed that he was â€Å"disrespected†, beat him up and smashed his head on the curb with his foot. Evolution theorists would state that the motivations involved in this crime would be hatred between rivals (unrelated acquaintances) based on competition for limited materials and intangible resources like social status and respect (Daly & Wilson, 1997). The resources in this case being exclusive access to the money to be made in an area with a high concentration of â€Å"consumers†. The other environmental factors at play here are the perceived threat to Desmond’s girlfriend, or mate, who is the means by which his gene pool will be passed on. In addition, Desmond gave as reasoning for his crime the fact that he had been disrespected and had to reassert his social status through a violent reaction. Although I believe all of these evolutionary motivations to be valid, I don’t believe that it was innate drive alone which led to this crime. Anyone who is in a situation where he feels disrespected becomes angry, but not everyone responds by causing permanent damage to the offender’s facial nerves. As Bartol & Bartol state, â€Å"there is little evidence to justify portraying humans as innately dangerous and brutal or as controlled by instinct† (Bartol, 2011, p. 116). I believe that it was the presence and interplay of a number of criminogenic risk factors which decided whether this interaction would end with words or fists. In this case, the risk factors with the most influence on behavior were low socioeconomic status, lack of a pro-social peer group, lack of access to gainful employment opportunities, and antisocial attitudes and beliefs, among others. There were the difference between how you or I would have reacted and how a gang member reacts. If these risk factors were mitigated by programs initiated to reduce Desmond’s criminogenic risk and to provide him with access to protective factors, the crime most likely could have been avoided. There would be no way, however, to change his innate biological drives, developed over thousands of years of evolution, because these drives are static. I believe that evolutionary theory can help us better understand how and why the physiology and functioning of the brain developed the way it did through the process of natural selection. I also believe that this can be useful to our â€Å"investigation of the mind’s structure and operations† (Daly & Wilson, 1997). This knowledge can help us look for explanations for why some individuals engage in criminal behavior and to better understand the mechanisms by which this behavior occurs; which can give us insight into developing more effective interventions (Ward & Durant, 2011). I think that the evolutionary theory can help us to understand macro-criminality, but I do not believe that this understanding can help us nearly as much in our search for the causes and predictors of crime on an individual level. Working to reduce an individual offender’s risk of recidivating requires a careful analysis of what factors led him or her to lack the ability to control these in nate drives and an intervention program to help them to learn to do so. Every person alive today has been shaped by the same evolutionary process, so what are the factors that lead some individuals to be able to keep these drives in check and make rational decisions while others give in to their primal desires and engage in criminal behavior? I believe that the answer to this question is that individuals who engage in criminal behavior are exposed to some combination of biological, sociological, and physiological criminogenic risk factors while lacking the presence of protective factors which may have neutralized these risks. On these factors is where I believe we should be focusing our efforts and studies. Daly & Wilson state that the insights into the workings of criminal behavior â€Å"should not be viewed as alternatives to sociological and psychological analysis, but as complementary components of a more complete understanding† (Daly & Wilson, 1997) In this way, I believe evolutionary theory can give us insight into the â€Å"how† and the â€Å"why† of criminal behavior, but I believe we should be looking more closely at the â€Å"who†, â€Å"where†, and â€Å"when†. References Lorenz, K. (1966). On aggression. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1997). Crime and conflict: Homicide in evolutionary psychological perspective. Crime & Justice, 22, 51–100. Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2011). Criminal behavior a psychological approach. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Ward, T. & Durrant, R. (2011). Evolutionary behavioral science and crime: Aetiological and intervention implications. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 16, 193-201.

Oedipus Rex Analisys - 895 Words

In Oedipus Rex, Sophocles portraits one of the most intriguing and fascinating traits of the human nature: the search for truth regarding who we are and the realization of the paths reserved by our future fate. The play starts with the presentation of the main character: Oedipus, the king of Thebes. Sophocles presents Oedipus to the reader as a majestic figure who addresses his attention to the people of Thebes from his palace. The city had been hit by a devastating plague due to Laà ¯os (the previous Theban king) murder and Oedipus was believed to be able to help them overcome that hardship. As the play develops, the reader is provided with the fact that Laà ¯os, Oedipus biological father, and Iocastà ª, his biological mother, learned†¦show more content†¦At the end of the play, Oedipus hit his eyes but he could see the truth about himself. Should we blame Oedipus for everything that happened? Should the king be held responsible for Iocastà ªs death and his own suffering and shame? Indeed, the tragic hero is responsible for some circumstances that happened during the play. For an instance, he was directly connected to Là ¯ons death. He did not control his own emotions and exploded in rage, fatally attacking the former Theban king and his few companions. This action itself was the initial step to his whole tragic fate. But his actions alone should not be considered as enough evidence to blame him if we take the whole context into account. According to the play, Oedipus fate was already set up by the Gods even before his birth. How the king could change and control his own destiny? How would he be able to change Gods wishes? Up to which extent should Oedipus be responsible for the consequences of actions that, although he was part of them, he was unable to control? Oedipus was nothing rather than a key character used b y Apollo who was the true architect of this whole tragedy. The biggest and most fascinating irony in Oedipus Rex was the kings commitment and persistence in finding and punishing Laà ¯os murderer, ignoring the fact that the killer was